Title and statement of responsibility area
Title proper
George Randolph Pearkes fonds
General material designation
- Multiple media
Parallel title
Other title information
Title statements of responsibility
Title notes
- Source of title proper: Titled based on contents of fonds.
Level of description
Fonds
Reference code
Edition statement
Edition statement of responsibility
Class of material specific details area
Statement of scale (cartographic)
Statement of projection (cartographic)
Statement of coordinates (cartographic)
Statement of scale (architectural)
Issuing jurisdiction and denomination (philatelic)
Dates of creation area
Date(s)
-
1890 - 1998 (Creation)
Physical description area
Physical description
2.1 m of textual records and other material
Title proper of publisher's series
Parallel titles of publisher's series
Other title information of publisher's series
Statement of responsibility relating to publisher's series
Numbering within publisher's series
Note on publisher's series
Archival description area
Name of creator
Biographical history
George Randolph Pearkes, the oldest child of George and Louise Pearkes, was born on 26 February 1888 in Watford, Hertfordshire, England. His father was a partner in the family department store in Watford, and young George Randolph enjoyed a comfortable childhood with his younger brother Edward and his sister Hilda. In 1896, at the age of eight, he was sent to Berkhamsted School, located about 15 miles from Watford, and remained there until 1906. He later said that his school days shaped his attitudes toward life more than anything else, and instilled in him a sense of duty which he demonstrated many times throughout his life.
At Berkhamsted Pearkes trained as a school cadet and hoped to enter Sandhurst Academy to prepare for a career in the military, but these hopes were dashed when his father suffered financial reverses and could no longer afford to support his son's university education. Pearkes therefore decided to emigrate. In May 1906 he went to Canada and began working on a farm near Red Deer, Alberta, which was run by the Berkhamsted Headmaster, Dr. Thomas C. Fry, as a School farm for Berkhamsted boys. Pearkes remained there for two years, then took a job at a nearby farm to gain more experience, and in 1909 set up his own homestead site on a quarter-section near Dovercourt, Alberta. In 1910 his brother Edward, who had also been at the Berkhamsted Farm, joined him on the homestead, and later that year their mother and sister also moved to Canada (Pearkes' father remained in England), settling with George and "Ted" on the farm.
In 1911 Mrs. Pearkes and Hilda decided to move to the West Coast; Ted remained on the homestead until he could receive clear title, and George went to Regina to join the Royal North West Mounted Police. Six weeks after he joined he was chosen along with seven other volunteers to go to the Yukon on detachment duty. Pearkes remained there for the next three years, working in various regions of the territory up until the outbreak of the First World War. Having decided to enlist, Pearkes received his discharge from the R.N.W.M.P. in February 1915 and went to the West Coast, visiting his mother and sister before joining the 2nd Canadian Mounted Rifles in Victoria. In June 1915 the 2nd C.M.R. was shipped overseas, and Pearkes returned to England for the first time in nine years. After training in Shorncliffe, the regiment sailed for France in September 1915.
Pearkes distinguished himself in active service. He was wounded five times, took part in the Battle of the Somme and received the Victoria Cross for heroic action at Passchendaele in 1917. He also won the Military Cross in 1918 and the Distinguished Service Order in 1919. By the end of the war he had been promoted to Lt.-Col.; he returned to Canada and was stationed in Calgary, appointed to the Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry.
In the summer of 1924, while on furlough in Victoria visiting his mother and sister, Pearkes met and fell in love with Constance Blytha Copeman; they became engaged and were married in August 1925. Shortly after their marriage Pearkes was posted to Winnipeg, where he and Blytha set up house. They had a daughter, Priscilla Edith ("Pep"), born in 1928, and a son, John Andre, born in 1931. Sadly, Pep, while still in the hospital after her birth, suffered an infection which led to a succession of illnesses, and she died while still a young child.
After the war Pearkes served as a staff officer in Winnipeg and Calgary and at the Royal Military College in Kingston, Ontario. In 1936 he attended the Imperial Defence College in London; his family travelled with him to England and remained there for two years. His training at the Imperial Defence College gave Pearkes an opportunity to learn more about the world situation and about the possible impact another world war could have on the British Commonwealth. He made the most of the opportunity, going on tours, researching politics and history in the College library, and giving lectures. He and Blytha also had an active social life, becoming friendly with Mr. and Mrs. Vincent Massey; in 1937 Blytha was presented at court to the newly-crowned George VI and Queen Elizabeth. The Pearkes returned to Calgary in 1938.
By the start of the Second World War in 1939, Pearkes had been promoted to Brigadier. He was put in command of the 2nd Canadian Infantry Brigade, which was comprised of western Canadian units: The Seaforth Highlanders of Canada, based in Vancouver; the Edmonton Regiment; the Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry, with companies in Victoria and Winnipeg; and the Saskatoon Light Infantry, which was attached temporarily to the brigade. In December 1939 Pearkes, his staff and the men of the 2nd Brigade sailed to England and were stationed at Aldershot. In February 1940 he became seriously ill with spinal meningitis but started to recover within a few weeks. Blytha had been informed of his illness, and she and John left for England in order to be with him. They remained in England, staying in a cottage nearby. In November 1941 Pearkes was asked to take over as Corps Commander of the Canadian divisions from Lt.-Gen. A.G.L. McNaughton, who was taking an extended leave. Pearkes was made Brig.-Gen. and eventually Maj.-Gen. Serving as Corps Commander brought Pearkes in contact with Lt.-Gen. B.L. Montgomery, with whom he had numerous personality clashes.
In August 1942 Pearkes was sent back to Canada and appointed general officer commanding Pacific Command, overseeing defences on the West Coast, the Yukon and Alberta. The Pearkes family once again headed back to North America, Pearkes by air and Blytha and John following later by sea. In 1943 Pearkes helped organize Operation Greenlight, a plan to attack Kiska, Alaska, which had been taken over by the Japanese. In 1944 he helped stop the mutiny of the 15th Brigade in Terrace, B.C.; one of the biggest mutinies in Canadian army history, this mutiny was one of several which took place in the province in response to Prime Minister MacKenzie King's reversal of policy and decision to conscript men for overseas service. Pearkes succeeded in bringing this mutiny under control without blood-shed. However, he grew disillusioned when it became clear that the Canadian government would not consider employing any force to use against the Japanese until the fighting in Europe had ended, and he began to see himself more as a senior recruiting officer than as a commander-in-chief. Therefore, in January 1945, he asked to be relieved of his appointment and requested another one, although he also indicated his willingness to retire altogether if another, more suitable appointment could not be found. The Cabinet War Committee eventually decided that there was no other employment for him at his present rank in the Canadian army, and he therefore was retired with full pension in February 1945.
After leaving military service, Pearkes decided to go into politics, partly out of a desire to assist war veterans. In June 1945 he won his first federal election, representing the Nanaimo riding, which at that time included Saanich, Esquimalt and the Gulf Islands. He became the Conservative party's Defence Critic, and over the next twelve years made speeches in the House of Commons criticizing the Liberal Government's defence policies and stressing the need for the armed forces in Canada to become more efficient and integrated. In 1957 the Progressive Conservatives won the federal election, and Prime Minister John Diefenbaker appointed him Minister of National Defence. As Defence Minister Pearkes faced one of his first crises, the cancellation of the Avro Arrow interceptor aircraft, and also helped approve the proposed agreement for the North Atlantic Air Defence Command (NORAD), which Pearkes considered to be one of the highlights of his political career. Throughout these years in Ottawa Blytha Pearkes was also busy, being active in the Wives of Progressive Conservative Members and Senators, and helping her husband in his election campaigns.
In 1959 and 1960, Pearkes devised a policy for Canada to acquire nuclear warheads such as the Bomarc and Lacrosse missiles, and thereby clashed with Howard Green, Secretary of State for External Affairs, who did not want to see Canada become an atomic power. Pearkes also found that Prime Minister Diefenbaker seemed uninterested in military matters, and as Green exerted pressure on Diefenbaker, the Prime Minister became more reluctant to commit to Pearkes' policy. Eventually, Pearkes decided to resign from federal politics and accept an offer to become the next lieutenant-governor of British Columbia. In October 1960 Pearkes was sworn in, and he and Blytha moved into Government House in Victoria.
Pearkes remained Lt.-Governor until 1968, assisted by the Government House secretary, Commander Gar Dixon, and other staff members, and kept daily journals of his activities, both official and personal, during these years. He travelled widely around the province, welcomed official visitors such as the Queen Mother and Princess Margaret, and invited local orphaned children to a Christmas party at Government House each year. He and Blytha also entertained family and friends, including John and his wife Joyce and their two sons, Anthony and Timothy. By the end of his tenure he had possibly been to more areas of British Columbia than any other lieutenant-governor before him.
After retiring from Government House in his eightieth year, Pearkes continued to travel about the province, give speeches, and appear at official functions. He died in Victoria of a stroke on 30 May 1984.
Custodial history
This fonds was accessioned originally as part of the University of Victoria Social Sciences Research Project. Dr. Reginald Roy completed interviews with Pearkes in 1968 and these tapes later were transferred to the Canadian Military History Oral History Collection. After Pearkes' death in 1985 his family gave Special Collections numerous other accessions of photographs and other memorabilia.
Scope and content
The fonds consists of records relating to Pearkes' military career, 1933-1976; Pearkes' personal and family papers, 1918-1978; and reference material including newsletters, magazines and other publications, 1906-1985. Records include correspondence between Pearkes and the Royal Canadian Legion, citations and birthday congratulations, Information Documents on the George R. Pearkes Children's Foundation, and a file relating to Mrs. Blytha Pearkes' activities with the Wives of Progressive Conservative Members and Senators, including membership lists and correspondence. Fonds also includes publications collected by Pearkes, programmes for official functions, annual reports of the Union Club of British Columbia and a numerous photographs of his life as a soldier and politician.
Notes area
Physical condition
Immediate source of acquisition
Arrangement
Language of material
Script of material
Location of originals
Availability of other formats
Selection of material from fonds available through UVic Digital Collections.
Restrictions on access
Terms governing use, reproduction, and publication
Finding aids
Inventory available with series and file level control.
Generated finding aid
Associated materials
See also interviews by and about Pearkes in the Military Oral History Collection.
Accruals
General note
The records of George Randolph Pearkes and his family are as varied and extensive as Pearkes' multi-faceted activities. They span almost his entire lifetime, from his childhood in England in the 1890's to his last years in Victoria in the 1980's, and document not only his own life but many important military and political events of the past century.
Among the most significant Pearkes records are those transferred to the University Archives by Professor Reginald H. Roy, Dept. of History, between 1974 and 1988, which document the preparation of his biography of Pearkes, For Most Conspicuous Bravery (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1977), which Dr. Roy wrote with the support of the University of Victoria Social Sciences Research Centre. These records include transcripts of eighty interviews which Prof. Roy conducted with Pearkes between 1965 and 1971, as well as interviews with Pearkes' wife Blytha, his son John, and his sister Hilda. Dr. Roy also interviewed the Pearkes' housekeeper and a number of military and civilian colleagues, including E. Davie Fulton, H.C. Green, Commander C.G. Dixon and Gen. Charles Foulkes. (The tapes of these interviews can be found in the University of Victoria's Guide to Military Records). In addition to the interviews, there is much of Prof. Roy's own correspondence with Pearkes' family, friends and associates, research notes and background material, and variant drafts of the biography.
Other notable records created by Pearkes himself or by members of his family are class lists and correspondence relating to Pearkes' years at Berkhamsted School in England; material relating to Pearkes' military career; material relating to Pearkes' political career; and Pearkes' tenure as Lieutenant-Governor of British Columbia. As Prof. Roy points out in his Preface to his biography, Pearkes regularly destroyed most of his correspondence and did not keep diaries, except for a few notebooks and journals which he maintained for a relatively short time. Therefore, the little remaining correspondence is all the more valuable. Most of it consists of letters from Pearkes to his mother while he was overseas during the First World War, and other personal correspondence dating from 1916 to 1940.
Pearkes' military records include photocopies of war diaries from both World Wars: the war diary of the the 116th Canadian Infantry Battalion describes the third battle of the Somme; the war diary of the 5th Canadian Mounted Rifle Battalion, 3rd Canadian Division describes the Battalion's activities from September to November 1917 and includes information on the battle at Passchendaele, where Pearkes was wounded and subsequently received the Victoria Cross; war diaries of the 1st and 2nd Canadian Divisions cover the period from November 1939 to September 1942. (The originals of these war diaries are located in Ottawa). Other military records include of guide-books and other souvenirs which Pearkes picked up while in France during the First World War; citations for his Victoria Cross and other medals; casualty lists; maps; copies of speeches given by Pearkes; notes and reports dealing with Aleutian Operations and Operation Greenlight during World War Two; correspondence; press releases; and newspaper and magazine clippings.
Pearkes' political career is also well-documented, including notes and speeches made by Pearkes on civil defence, NATO, conscription, and other subjects; notebooks outlining significant events for the years 1951 to 1956; House of Commons Hansard indexes and speeches; minutes of the House of Commons Special Committee on Defence; magazine articles on the Avro Arrow, the Bomarc missile, Chinese Canadians, air defence and the organization of the Canadian Army; correspondence relating to constituency elections; and material relating to the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada, including the party's constitution, pamphlets, minutes of meetings, reports and clippings.
As Lieutenant-Governor of British Columbia, Pearkes kept daily journals which record not only official engagements but also family birthdays and get-togethers, medical and dental appointments, and information on cash accounts. Some of these journals also include information on the many trips Pearkes took to various regions of the province, as well as lists of luncheon and dinner guests at Government House and seating plans. Other records include clippings of such official visitors as Princess Alexandra, Princess Margaret, and the Queen Mother (all on separate visits); correspondence, biographical notes and programmes of official luncheons and dinners. Pearkes also kept a series of scrapbooks containing newspaper clippings relating to his various careers, including his Pacific Command, defence policy, his receiving the Victoria Cross, and the Dieppe raid, as well as more personal biographical information concerning his early life in England and other members of his family. Other documents include obituaries for Pearkes and the official programme for his state funeral in Victoria in June 1984.
The Pearkes photographs complement the information found in the textual records. These are mostly black and white photographs of Pearkes from his years as a Royal North West Mounted Police Constable, during the First and Second World War, with John Diefenbaker and other prominent Conservatives, greeting visitors to British Columbia, and with his wife, son, daughter-in-law and grandsons.
In addition to the material given to the Archives by Prof. Roy, we have another accession of records donated directly by Mrs. Blytha Pearkes in 1987. These include files of the Department of National Defence concerning Canadian infantry and cavalry regiments; Pearkes' correspondence from the 1930's; poems written by Pearkes; income tax forms and other financial records; speeches given by Pearkes;
magazines, newsletters, pamphlets, articles and programmes collected by Pearkes, including issues of The Patrician, the magazine of the Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry, and the Scarlet and Gold, the official publication of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. Also included is material relating to the Wives of Progressive Conservative Members and Senators, to which Mrs. Pearkes belonged when her husband was in federal politics. This file consists of correspondence between Mrs. Pearkes and other wives of conservatives, guest lists for official teas and luncheons, membership lists of the Provincial Imperial Order of the Daughters of the Empire, seating plans for the House of Commons and a diagram of the Senate chamber.
Given the wide scope and diversity of the material, the Pearkes records will be of interest to scholars of Canadian military and political history, the history of British Columbia, and the development of research scholarship at the University of Victoria. The Pearkes records constitute one of the Archives' most extensive collections, and offer a rich and vivid document of a not-so-bygone era in our history.
Physical description
Includes ca. 2,000 photographs, 2 videocassettes, 2 audio cassettes.
Alternative identifier(s)
Standard number
Access points
Subject access points
- Armed Forces--Mobilization
- Armed Forces--Reserves--Canada
- Arras, Battle of, Arras, France, 1918 (August-September)
- Avro Arrow (Turbojet fighter plane)
- Birkhamsted School Bomarc (Missile)
- Canada. Canadian Armed Forces--Military life
- Canada. Canadian Armed Forces--Officers--Education and training
- Canada. Canadian Armed Forces--Planning
- Canada. Parliament. National Resources Mobilization Act, 1940
- Canada--Federal-Provincial relations
- Canada--History, Military
- Canada--Members of Parliament
- Canada--Politics and government
- Canuck (Jet fighter plane)
- Chinese Canadians
- Civil defense
- Defence--Great Britain
- Draft--Canada
- Espionage
- French Canadians
- Grenades
- Intrenchments
- Korean War, 1950-1953
- Lieutenant governors--British Columbia
- Lieutenant governors--British Columbia--Social and state events
- Medals
- Military and naval
- Military dependents
- Military planning--Canada
- Military readiness
- Mount Sorrel, Battle of, Belgium, 1916
- Mutiny
- Nuclear weapons
- Peacekeeping forces
- Pearkes, John A., 1931---Interviews
- Somme, 1st Battle of the, France, 1916
- Somme, 2nd Battle of the, France, 1918
- Starfighter (Fighter plane)
- Trench, Regina
- Victoria Cross
- Vimy Ridge, Battle of, 1917
- World War, 1914-1918
- World War, 1939-1945
- Ypres, 1st Battle of, Ieper, Belgium, 1914
- Ypres, 2nd Battle of, Ieper, Belgium, 1915
- Ypres, 3rd Battle of, Ieper, Belgium, 1917
Place access points
Name access points
- Canada. Canadian Army. Canadian Division, 6th (Subject)
- Canada. Canadian Army. Canadian Division, 8th (Subject)
- Canada. Canadian Army. Canadian Expeditionary Force (Subject)
- Canada. Canadian Army. Canadian Expeditionary Force. Battalion, 116th (Subject)
- Canada. Canadian Army. Canadian Expeditionary Force. Canadian Mounted Rifles, 2nd (Subject)
- Canada. Canadian Army. Canadian Expeditionary Force. Canadian Mounted Rifles, 5th (Subject)
- Canada. Canadian Army. Canadian Infantry Brigade, 13th (Subject)
- Canada. Canadian Army. Canadian Infantry Brigade, 2nd (Subject)
- Canada. Canadian Army. Canadian Infantry Division, 1st (Subject)
- Canada. Canadian Army. Pacific Command (Subject)
- Canada. Department of National Defence (Subject)
- North American Air Defense Command (Subject)
- North Atlantic Treaty Organization (Subject)
- Progressive Conservative Party of Canada (Subject)
- Royal North West Mounted Police (Canada) (Subject)
- DeWitt, John L. (Subject)
- Diefenbaker, John G., 1895-1979 (Subject)
- McNaughton, A. G. L. (Andrew George Latta), 1887-1966 (Subject)
- Pearkes, Constance Blytha (Subject)
- Pearkes, Hilda (Subject)
- Ralston, J. L. (Subject)
- Canada. Canadian Armed Forces (Subject)
Control area
Description record identifier
Institution identifier
Rules or conventions
Status
Final
Level of detail
Full
Dates of creation, revision and deletion
Revised by JF, July 5, 2013.
Language of description
- English
Script of description
Sources
Digital content metadata
Filename
pearkes_inventory.pdf
Latitude
Longitude
Media type
Text
Mime-type
application/pdf